Laxatives are generally classified according to their mode of action: bulk‐forming laxatives, osmotic laxatives, stimulant laxatives, and faecal softeners and lubricants. ". Kristalose is a proprietary prescription laxative and unique crystalline form of lactulose that treats acute and chronic constipation. This softens the stool, making it easier to have a bowel movement. Hyperosmotic laxatives include lactulose and PEG 3350; they stimulate colonic fluid secretion and propulsive motility. Their overlap lies in the alternate treatment of liver disease. Anti-Ulcer. May be administered on an empty stomach for more rapid results. Bentyl ( dicyclomine ) is an antispasmodic drug used to treat intestinal spasms and cramping in people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and other functional bowel disorders. Do not take more often than told by the doctor. The pH range is 3. 3. The 3-hour SIBO profile. A unique, dry powder crystalline formulation of lactulose, Kristalose is designed to enhance patient compliance in the treatment of acute and. Learn more about Kristalose at EverydayHealth. blood in your stools; or. Lactulose is a colonic acidifier which promotes laxation. Lactulose, also known as 1,4 beta galactoside-fructose, is a non-absorbable synthetic disaccharide made up of galactose and fructose. 4 out of 10 from a total of 143 ratings on Drugs. clear all. For the prevention and treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy, including the stages of hepatic pre-coma and coma. 3 out of 10 from a total of 18 ratings on Drugs. Powdered Kristalose is not as heavy or bulky to store as Lactulose Solution. Signs of high blood sugar like confusion, feeling sleepy, more thirst, more hungry, passing urine more often, flushing, fast breathing, or breath that smells like fruit. 81% of reviewers reported a positive effect, while 13% reported a negative effect. KRISTALOSE ® (lactulosa) para solución oral está indicado para el tratamiento del estreñimiento. com. 3 g galactose and lactose as. [3] [4] It is administered orally for constipation, and either orally or rectally for hepatic encephalopathy. KRISTALOSE ® (lactulosa) para solución oral está indicado para el tratamiento del estreñimiento. What is Duphalac? Duphalac is a type of sugar. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA. 67% of reviewers reported a positive effect, while 33% reported a negative effect. KRISTALOSE (Brand for LACTULOSE) Information En Español What is this medication? LACTULOSE (LAK tyoo lose) treats constipation. When you move your body, the muscles in your intestines are more active, too. [3] It generally begins working after 8–12 hours, but may take up to 2 days to improve constipation. The product is distributed in a single package with. It is a unique, proprietary, crystalline form of lactulose, with no restrictions on length of therapy or patient age. Constipation is the most common digestive complaint in the United States. As powder for solution: 10-20 g daily, may increase to 40 g daily if necessary. The Prime prescription savings benefit is not insurance. Rectal prolapse occurs when a mucosal or full-thickness layer of rectal tissue protrudes through the anal orifice. Medically reviewed by Drugs. Untuk terapi secara peroral, laktulosa diberikan 20–30 gram atau 30–45 mL. Kristalose is a powdered form of Lactulose. Lactulose is a synthetic sugar used to treat constipation. Take Lactulose. One of the most commonly used drugs is lactulose (trade name Kristalose). Antihistamines reduce symptoms of allergies. Pharmaceutical house elevators Constulose, Kristalose (lactulose (oral)), consists of medicine pictures, unwanted side effects, medicine friendships, guidelines for usage, signs and symptoms of overdose, in addition to what to stay away from. DESCRIPTION. This information from Lexicomp® explains what you need to know about this medication, including what it’s used for, how to take it, its side effects, and when to call your healthcare provider. 1 . The effectiveness of the bowel preparation is a critical factor related to the safety, diagnostic accuracy, quality, difficulty, and speed of the examination. Drink more water. Go to for more information. Gas, bloating, burping, stomach rumbling/pain, nausea, and cramps may occur. Lactulose is a colonic acidifier which promotes laxation. 3 g galactose and lactose as a total sum. KRISTALOSE (Brand for LACTULOSE) Monographs Lactulose, a synthetic derivative of lactose, is a disaccharide sugar containing one molecule of galactose and one molecule of fructose. This medication is a laxative used to treat constipation. Ideally, your pet will benefit from. 30-45 ml (20-30 g) orally every 6-8 hours, adjusted until 2-3 soft stools/day; if acute, may be given every 1-2 hours until 2-3 soft stools/day. muscle pain, cramps, or twitching. 3 g galactose and lactose as a total sum. Take a fiber supplement. In addition to adjusting your diet and lifestyle habits, you may need to use laxatives. is not AB rated to any other lactulose laxatives and should not be substituted. Kristalose 10 gram Oral Packet. It may help to increase the number of bowel movements per day and the number of days you have a bowel movement. 3 out of 10 from a total of 3 ratings on Drugs. An anecdotal suggested dose for constipation in cats is ½ teaspoonful (2. KRISTALOSE (lactulose) is a synthetic disaccharide in the form of crystals for reconstitution prior to use for oral administration Each 10 g of lactulose contains less than 0. MECHANISM OF. It is formed from one molecule each of simple sugars fructose and galactose. 80. As a result, oral doses of lactulose reach the colon virtually unchanged. Signs of high blood sugar like confusion, feeling sleepy, more thirst, more hungry, passing urine more often, flushing, fast breathing, or breath that smells like fruit. You should always consult your veterinarian if thinking of using lactulose or any laxative for cats. Although lactulose is an over-the-counter medication for humans, it is usually only available in veterinary use with prescription. 5 to 1ml per dose. Cascara Sagrada Aromatic Fluid Extract. MEDICATIONS USED TO TREAT HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY. It is a man-made sugar solution. Stool is 60 to 90% water. 5% in those aged over 60 years [], with a higher susceptibility in females and individuals under a low socioeconomic status [1, 2]. Lactulose has an average rating of 7. [1,3,4,6,7] Saat. Use food as a ‘natural’ laxative. La lactulosa también se usa para reducir la cantidad de amoníaco en la sangre de los pacientes con problemas al hígado. Kristalose () is a member of the laxatives drug class and is commonly used for Constipation - Acute, Constipation - Chronic, and Hepatic Encephalopathy. Lactulose is also available as crystal meant to be mixed in liquids for human use (Kristalose). Each 10 g of lactulose contains less than 0. Lactulose. Kristalose (Generic) lactulose. 80. 5 mL of the liquid. Dissolve single dose packets (Kristalose) in 4 oz of water. And they work well for constipation caused by medications. Adding more water and fiber to the diet are often the first options to relieve constipation symptoms. Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are a great natural source of fiber. 0. com. 57% of reviewers reported a positive effect, while 35% reported a negative effect. Each 15 mL of solution contains 10 grams of lactulose. If you have an overactive bladder, two options that can relieve your symptoms are oxybutynin and tolterodine (Detrol). SKU. USES: This medication is a laxative used to treat constipation. How to use Kristalose . 5-10ml/day PO divided TID-QID; titrate for 2-3 soft. unusual tiredness or weakness. Lactulose (brand names: Cephulac®, Kristalose®, Generlac®, Constulose®, Enulose®) is a disaccharide (sugar) laxative and ammonia reducer, used to reduce blood ammonia levels during liver dysfunction. It helps to treat chronic constipation. Lactulose is a disaccharide derivative of lactose used to treat constipation and portal systemic encephalopathy. Severe stomach pain, bloating, vomiting, or diarrhea. This medicine may contain sugar, sodium, or phenylalanine. Lactulose se usa para el tratamiento del estreñimiento crónico. The dosage can vary depending on which type you take. nausea or vomiting. 20g is equivalent to 30mL liq lactulose. Kristalose 20g Powder Packets - 30 Packet Box. Side effects include gas, diarrhea, upset. En pacientes con antecedentes de estreñimiento crónico, el tratamiento con lactulosa aumenta la cantidad de defecaciones por día y la cantidad de días en los que se producen tales defecaciones. If used this way, take off any makeup or lotion around your eyes before using sodium hypochlorite. It may take up to 48 hours for a person to have a bowel. Lactulose is a colonic acidifier which promotes laxation. These include gassiness, bloating, and trouble pooping. PDR Drug Summaries are concise point-of-care prescribing, dosing and administering information to help phsyicans more efficiently and accurately prescribe in their practice PDR's drug summaries are available free of charge and serve as a great resource for US based MDs, DOs, NPs and PAs in patient practiceAdd fruits and vegetables to your diet. Oral solution contains 10 g lactulose per 15 mL; packets contain 10 g or 20 g per packet. It is the principal complaint in 3-5% of all visits to pediatric outpatient clinics and as many as 35% of all visits to pediatric gastroenterologists. Canadian Brand Name. Kristalose active ingredients, usages, indications, composition, dosages and other pharmaceutical product information. numbness or tingling in the hands, feet, or lips. 4 out of 10 from a total of 143 ratings on Drugs. This medicine is available only with your doctor's prescription. It helps to treat chronic constipation. This agent is generally very well tolerated and tastes sweet. Lactulose is used to treat chronic constipation. Sodium picosulfate. com. Note: Doses in pediatric patients may be expressed in volume (mL) or weight (g); use extra caution. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. This is how osmotic laxatives work. nausea or vomiting. KRISTALOSE (lactulosa) para solución oral está indicado para el tratamiento del estreñimiento. 0. When you are allergic to something, your body releases histamines that. Solution should be colorless to slightly pale yellow. 0. severe diarrhea. Children: 26. Lactulose (LAK tyoo lose) is a generic medication prescribed for constipation. The Kristalose would cause my CIC colon to produce 2 bowel movements a week instead of the usual 1 a week. Then, squeeze the enema to insert the fluid into the rectum. Each powder packet contains 10 grams or 20 grams of lactulose. 8 – 10. It helps increase the number of bowel movements per day and the number of days on which bowel movements occur in patients with a history of chronic (long-lasting) constipation. Because stool tends to be dry from opioid use, increasing water intake may offer some relief. Lactulose is FDA-approved for human use under the brand names Constulose ®, Enulose ®, Generlac ®, and Kristalose ®. . It is a unique, proprietary, crystalline form of lactulose, with no restrictions on length of therapy or patient age. 62% of reviewers reported a positive experience, while 22% reported a negative experience. , _____ is when idiopathic constipation occurs frequently and is associated with chronic or recurrent abdominal discomfort that is relieved by defecation. Rect: To administer enema, use rectal balloon catheter. It is categorized in a drug class called guanylate cyclase-C agonists. Check our savings tips for co-pay cards, assistance programs, and other ways to reduce your cost. [0013] Currently, there are multiple purgatives approved for bowel evacuation prior to colonoscopy and these products are often described as foul tasting, harsh, and . Linzess contains the ingredient linaclotide. Lipitor Propecia. rectal bleeding; black, bloody, or tarry stools; weakness, dizziness; or. This medication is a laxative used to treat constipation. Generic name: lactulose. Save up to $125 per fill after a $5 out-of-pocket expense with a Kristalose manufacturer coupon. Nervousness. Kristalose 20000 MG Powder for Oral Solution is sometimes used to treat or prevent certain conditions of the brain that are caused by liver failure, which can lead to confusion, problems with memory or thinking, behavior changes, tremors, feeling irritable. Signs of high blood sugar like confusion, feeling sleepy, more thirst, more hungry, passing urine more often, flushing, fast breathing, or breath that smells like fruit. Because it comes in a liquid form, it's easy to administer—simply add it to regular meals or give directly. Untuk profilaksis, laktulosa diberikan 20–30 gram atau 30–45 mL peroral setiap 6-8 jam. 57 / CARTON. Oral. It may help to increase the number of bowel movements per day and the number of days you have a bowel movement. You may experience gas and bloating when first starting treatment with. 57% of reviewers reported a positive effect, while 35% reported a negative effect. Note: Some patients have found that lactulose solution may be more acceptable when mixed with fruit juice, water. swelling of the feet or lower legs. lactulose. Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook says that "one gram of the crystals is equivalent to 1. KRISTALOSE ® (LACTULOSE) For Oral Solution is available in single dose packets of 10 g (NDC 66220-719-01) and single dose packets of 20 g (NDC 66220-729-01). com. Since directions for use are different for each type, it is important to know which one you are taking. A. Should your pharmacy not yet stock Kristalose, this information will help the pharmacist place an order for the medication your doctor has prescribed. Lactulose (Cephulac,Constulose, Duphalac, Enulose, Kristalose). Causing the muscles of the anus to tighten. It is a unique, proprietary, crystalline form of lactulose, with no restrictions on length of therapy or patient age. KRISTALOSE ® está contraindicado en pacientes. Información completa sobre el producto. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The chemical name for lactulose is 4-O-β-D. Esophageal, gastric, enteral, rectal obstruction. Lactulose is a member of the laxatives drug class and is commonly used for Constipation - Acute, Constipation - Chronic, and Hepatic Encephalopathy. How to use Kristalose Take this medication by mouth as. KRISTALOSE (lactulose) is a synthetic disaccharide in the form of crystals for reconstitution prior to use for oral administration Each 10 g of lactulose. Prices start at $10. Your doctor may recommend these if your constipation is severe and other treatments haven’t worked. Over a 14-day period, 50 patients with a recent diagnosis of chronic constipation were administered both Kristalose and liquid lactulose in a crossover study. Lactulose (Oral Route) Merative, Micromedex. They can cause side. Lactulose is sometimes used to treat or prevent certain conditions of the brain that are caused by liver failure. Side Effects. Lactulose is available only by prescription. Newer antihistamines — like loratadine (Claritin) and fexofenadine (Allegra) — are also less likely to cause constipation. Brand Names. They are accurate as-of April 2023 and the information may be updated. 15-50mL PO Qday - BID; max 60mL/day; Pediatric Dosing Portal systemic encephalopathy. This action effectively eases constipation symptoms and promotes. It can also be used to soften the stools and to treat constipation. Net revenues by product for the year were $15 . Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. Relief within days. 4 out of 10 from a total of 139 reviews on Drugs. Duphalac is used to treat chronic constipation. Translations. 0 out of 10 from a total of 5 ratings on Drugs. This is important to understand, as most cats will not need a dose over 0. 7 g/day (2. How does Kristalose help with these illnesses? Just like Miralax, Kristalose works by drawing water into the colon, which softens stools and increases bowel movements. Popular Searches. The cost for lactulose oral syrup (10 g/15 mL) is around $15 for. It may help to increase the number of bowel movements per day and the number of days you have a bowel movement. You may report side effects to FDA. They can cause side. Lactulose is a colonic acidifier which promotes laxation. Stop using this medicine and call your doctor at once if: you have rectal bleeding; no bowel movement occurs after using a laxative;Vegetables, such as broccoli, cauliflower, and spinach. Side Effects. Maintenance dose. Take your time and stay relaxed during this step. Use Kristalose medicine regularly to get the most benefit from it. Enulose is Lactulose for oral or rectal administration (as a retention enema which only is used in very late stages of Liver failure). Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. Symptom treatment should be based on etiology when possible. Fiber supplements can effectively induce bowel movements if a low fiber diet is the cause of your constipation. It is a symptom rather than a disease and, despite its frequency, often remains unrecognized until the patient develops sequelae, such as anorectal disorders or diverticular disease. Lactulose Description. Medicare coverage and pricing details for Constulose. 9% NaCl. 2 g or less of other sugars). Laktulosa sering digunakan sebagai terapi konstipasi, melalui aktivitasnya sebagai laksatif yang menarik cairan dengan hiperosmosis sehingga feses menjadi lunak. Controlled studies have shown that Kristalose Crystals therapy reduces the blood ammonia levels by 25–50%; this is generally paralleled by an improvement in the patients' mental state and by an improvement in EEG patterns. Lactulose has an average rating of 7. 0 to 7. You shouldn't take docusate and mineral oil together. The dose of lactulose solution is 0. It may help to increase the number of bowel movements per day and the number of days you have a bowel movement. Medscape - Constipation dosing for Enulose, Kristalose (lactulose), frequency-based adversity effects, comprehensive interactions, direction, pregnancy & lactation schedules, furthermore cost information. Constipation is a very common problem for all ages. For the prevention and treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy, including the stages of hepatic pre-coma and coma. Mix powder with 1/2 cup (120 mL) of water. DRUG NAME. 3 g galactose and lactose as a total sum. Kristalose (with <0. 2 g lactose, and 1. com. 67% of reviewers reported a positive effect, while 22% reported a negative. Kristalose 10000 MG Powder for Oral Solution is used to treat chronic constipation. See full list on drugs. In other words, oxycodone can prevent your digestive tract from working as it should — resulting in constipation. KRISTALOSE (lactulose) is a synthetic disaccharide in the form of crystals for reconstitution prior to use for oral administration Each 10 g of lactulose contains less than 0. Learn about dosage, side effects, uses, and more. Lactulose formulation contains 10 g lactulose/15 mL of oral solution. Kristalose(R), a prescription laxative product that treats acute and chronic constipation, may be an effective option for physicians and pharmacists looking for a prescription alternative . Lactulose belongs to a group of drugs called oral osmotic laxatives, ulcers, Kristalose, Side Effects & Warnings Lactulose is used to treat chronic constipation, tremors, Uses, Chronulac , anal fissures, Side Effects, These are brain disorders that result from liver Generic name: Lactulose (laxative) – oral, DuphalacI also have tried Kristalose (but that is a prescription). Lactulose is used to treat constipation. 5 mL/kg, PO, BID–TID. 1. Drug class: Laxatives. restlessness. It belongs to a group of medications called laxatives. Maintenance dose: 15-30 mL (10-20 g or 1-2 sachets) daily. Enulose has an average rating of 7. In the colon, lactulose is broken down primarily to lactic acid, and also to small amounts of Less Serious Side Effects. GoodRx is not sponsored by or affiliated with any of the third-party brands identified. Uses: This medication is a laxative used to treat constipation. swelling of the feet or lower legs. Kristalose Canadian Brand Name Acilac Alpha-Lac Cephulac Chronulac Lactulax Pms-Lactulose Rhodialax Rhodialose Descriptions Lactulose is used to treat. Rect: To administer enema, use rectal balloon catheter. Los Angeles, CA 90066 (310)391-6741. Recent Searches. infants 2. The dosage may be adjusted every day or two to produce 2 or 3 soft stools daily. Senna (Ex-lax, senakot) Bisacodyl (doculax)Genova’s SIBO Profiles are non-invasive breath tests which capture exhaled hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) gases following patient ingestion of a Lactulose ℞ solution to evaluate small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and intestinal methanogen overgrowth (IMO). The pH range is 3. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist. muscle pain, cramps, or twitching. To make this medicine taste. Learn more about Kristalose at. 34679 to a high of $8. LACTULOSE (LAK tyoo lose) treats constipation. Lactulose is also used to reduce the amount of ammonia in the blood of patients with liver disease. Motegrity (prucalopride) was approved by the FDA in 2018 for functional constipation (chronic idiopathic constipation) in adults. Adults. Lactulose works by. Compare prices and print coupons for Plenvu and other drugs at CVS, Walgreens, and other pharmacies. Diarrhea . The dose of Kristalose is based on the individual patient's constipation and response to therapy. This medication is a laxative used to treat constipation. Lactulose is a colonic acidifier which promotes laxation. The medication comes as a powder that’s dissolved in water. mood changes. You may pay more than $5 if your co-pay exceeds $205. Polyethylene Glycols. Also contains water. Lactulose is a liquid medication prescribed to soften stools and manage the uncomfortable symptoms of constipation. More studies are being done that point to Xifaxan having a greater impact on improved. Medscape - Constipation dosing in Enulose, Kristalose (lactulose), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, direction, pregnancy & lactation schedules, and cost information. Generic name: lactulose 10g in 10g. Go to Top of Page Study Description Study Design Arms and Interventions Outcome Measures Eligibility Criteria Contacts and Locations More Information. HOW TO USE THIS INFORMATION: This is a summary and does NOT have all possible information about this product. Antibiotic. Find medical information for Kristalose on epocrates online, including its dosing, contraindications, drug interactions, and pill pictures. Kristalose drug manufacturers and companies such as Mylan Pharmaceuticals; Bertek Pharmaceuticals. Last updated on Dec 15, 2022. com. Xifaxan has an average rating of 6. Treatment. As a result, oral doses of lactulose reach the colon virtually unchanged. 30 Common Medications for Dogs. 5 mL/kg, PO, BID–TID. Linaclotide (Linzess) and. Clinicians have the option of a 2 or 3-hour SIBO assessment. There is currently no generic alternative for Suprep Bowel Prep. This is important to understand, as most cats will not need a dose over 0. Gently insert the tip of the enema into the anus. Lactulose has an average rating of 7. This information from Lexicomp® explains what you need to know about this medication, including what it’s used for, how to take it, its side effects, and when to call your healthcare provider. Elevations of methane or hydrogen after 90-100 minutes usually show bacteria in the large intestine, which is normal. Customers may receive this drug under the. Kristalose (Oral) Generic name: lactulose [ LAK-tue-lose ] Drug class: Laxatives. You should consult your health care professional before taking any drug, changing your diet, or commencing or discontinuing any course of treatment. This medicine is available only with your doctor's. Asthenia. GoodRx has partnered with InsideRx and Cumberland Pharmaceuticals to reduce the price for this prescription. Prunes and bran cereal are tried and true constipation remedies. Starting dose. 5. Lactulose has an average rating of 7. La información proporcionada en este sitio web, el directorio, los artículos que lo acompañan y los enlaces a otros sitios web relacionados se proporcionan a modo de cortesía para los. Twenty-four to 48 hours may be required to produce. 9% NaCl. The packets are supplied as follows: NDC 66220-719-30 (Carton of thirty 10 g packets) NDC 66220-729-30 (Carton of thirty 20 g packets). com. Kristalose Instant Savings Program: Eligible patients may pay as little as $5 per fill with savings of up to $125 per 30-day prescription; patients may download and redeem a new savings offer each month; for additional information contact the program at 855-584-6194. Kristalose is used in the treatment of chronic and habitual constipation, treatment of acute and the prevention and treatment of chronic Portal-systemic encephalopathy including the stages of hepatic pre-coma and coma. Filter by condition. For more information about Kristalose see its generic LactuloseKristalose Coupon Details. Dehydration and electrolyte problems can happen in people who have diarrhea. com. Generlac; Kristalose. Medically reviewed by Drugs. 5 ml) to ¾ teaspoonful (3. The pH range is 3. Kristalose 20 GM per 4 OZ. The drug dissolves quickly in four ounces of water, offering. This information does not assure that this. , When constipation persists for several weeks or longer, it is considered _____. Less serious side effects may include: gas, mild nausea or stomach cramps; or. corresponding to 10-20 g lactulose. increased sweating. Compare prices and print coupons for Constulose (Lactulose) and other drugs at CVS, Walgreens, and other pharmacies. FREE SHIPPING for Prime members. The dose of lactulose solution is 0. Stimulant laxatives should not be used by children under 12 years of age. Lactulose Prices, Coupons and Patient Assistance Programs. These moisten and lubricate the stool making it easier to pass. Lactulose is sometimes used to treat or prevent certain conditions of the brain that are caused by liver failure. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly. Constulose; Enulose; Generlac; Kristalose What is this drug used for? It is used to treat constipation. Straining to eliminate. Medically reviewed by Drugs. Your pharmacist should know that Kristalose is a unique formulation and . Dicyclomine can be used both in adults and children and is available as a tablet, capsule, syrup, or injection. Each 10 g of lactulose contains less than 0. 13739 per billable unit over a period of 9 years and 9 months. Some can limit your body's. Stimulant laxatives are a common first option. 0. The drug dissolves quickly in four ounces of water, offering. Nausea. Lactulose side effects (more detail) Typical dosing for Lactulose. Each 15 mL of lactulose solution contains: 10 g lactulose (and less than 1. Doctors also prescribe it for a brain. KRISTALOSE (lactulose) is a synthetic disaccharide in the form of crystals for reconstitution prior to use for oral administration Each 10 g of lactulose contains less than 0. It may help to increase the number of bowel movements per day and the number of days you have a bowel movement. KRISTALOSE (lactulose) is a synthetic disaccharide in the form of crystals for reconstitution prior to use for oral administration Each 10 g of lactulose contains less than 0. There are three types of laxatives that take longer (12 hours to 3 days) to work. It belongs to a group of medications called laxatives. Neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) is a common problem for people with spinal cord injury (SCI) and multiple sclerosis (MS), which seriously impacts.